Mitochondrial toxicity and in vitro biological effects of ambient PM2.5 from an urban site in China

Abstract

The roles of PM_2.5-induced mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress on mast cell degranulation were examined in vitro. Mast cells were treated with suspensions of PM_2.5 in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium at concentrations from 25 to 200?mg/L in the absence or presence of 10?mmol/L N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Biological effects and mitochondrial function were assessed by determining cell viability, β-hexosaminidase release, interleukin-4 secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, adenosine triphosphate production, potential alteration of mitochondrial membrane, and activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. Exposure of mast cells to PM_2.5 induced reduction of adenosine triphosphate production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibition of the activity of complex III. Co-treatment of mast cells exposed to PM_2.5 with N-acetyl-L-cysteine attenuated cytotoxicity and the production of reactive oxygen species, and decreased the release of β-hexosaminidase and interleukin-4. Evidently, PM_2.5-induced oxidative stress plays an essential role in mitochondrial toxicity and mast cell activation.     

高含盐废水脱盐处理技术研究进展

综述了几种常见的高含盐废水脱盐处理技术的发展历程、工艺原理、优缺点及目前的研究进展，分析了热分离、膜分离、电渗析、离子交换、电吸附、微生物脱盐等方法的优缺点，展望了未来废水脱盐工艺的发展方向。指出：脱盐方法将根据各类水体的水质特点更加精细化；多种脱盐技术联合应用也是今后废水脱盐的发展方向。     

Review: recent advances in biogas purifying technologies

Biomethane production through biogas upgrading is a promising renewable energy for some industries which could be part of the equilibrium needed with fossil fuels consumption to achieve a sustainable society. This paper presents a comprehensive list of biogas upgrading technologies focused on carbon dioxide removal as well as recent advances reported by researcher with wide expertise in this topic. Additionally, an extensive costs–performance comparison among the technologies studied is discussed. Among the different alternatives, chemical scrubbing stood out to achieve high biomethane purities while cryogenic technologies proved to be effective against methane losses. Regarding the different costs, water scrubbing and membrane separation seem to be the most affordable techniques.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

新型机械澄清池设备的设计及在尾矿水处理中的应用

国内现有的机械加速澄清池因池体及设备结构的原因,存在刮泥耙直径小、驱动扭矩低,高负荷时排泥差等问题,不能满足用户对设备大池径（大于Ф29m）、大处理量、高效澄清、多用途的要求。介绍了新型澄清池设备的工艺、结构设计及特点。新型机械澄清池设备通过对池体结构的改进设计,及对刮泥机、提升搅拌机、排泥防堵搅拌机三者同心套装结构,扭矩可达百万牛顿米的带齿回转支承及多组电机同步驱动的刮泥耙驱动机构,池周边增设斜板及集水装置等方面的设计,实现了池径大于qb29in机械澄清池的设计制造,填补了国内该项目的空白,经矿山尾矿水处理实际应用证明效果理想。     

聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系对油水界面性质的影响

文章应用界面张力仪、Zeta电位仪和表面黏弹性仪测定了聚合物、表面活性剂及其二元复合体系的质量浓度对油水界面性质的影响,并应用透射电镜观察了采出液的液膜结构。结果表明,随着聚合物质量浓度的增加,油水界面的界面剪切黏度值和界面张力值增大,颗粒表面Zeta电位的绝对值增大;随着表面活性剂质量浓度的增加,油水界面的界面剪切黏度变化幅度很小,但界面张力显著减小,颗粒表面Zeta电位绝对值增大;聚合物与表面活性剂复合能够形成稳定的聚合体,具有较大的界面剪切黏度值,较小的界面张力和较高的Zeta电位值;体系中聚合物、表面活性剂及水中悬浮物形成了类似"晶体"结构。     

厌氧微网反应器处理生活污水膜污染物研究

采用涤纶网加工的微网膜组件与厌氧反应器结合构成厌氧微网生物反应器用于处理城市生活污水。在不同反应器形式和水力停留时间条件下反应器稳定运行了144 d。研究结果表明完全搅拌反应器在膜通量12 L/(m2.h)条件下跨膜压差变化较小,整体出水水质高于无搅拌式反应器。通过膜面SS含量测定、粒径和三维荧光光谱分析等方法对膜面污染物进行了系统分析。无搅拌式AnFBR随着停留时间的延长,膜面污染物的SS减少,粒径减小;完全搅拌式AnFBR膜面污染物的SS最少,粒径最小。三位荧光分析表明SMP主要有2个类蛋白质荧光峰A和B,中心位置(Ex/Em)分别位于230~235/335~350 nm及280~290/330~355 nm,EPS样品中除了峰A和峰B外还有2个峰,峰C位置(Ex/Em)在340~350/435~445 nm,与类富里酸物质有关,峰D位于420~440/465~515 nm,与类腐殖酸物质有关。     

生物滴滤塔处理制革恶臭气体微生物特性研究

在生物滴滤塔处理制革恶臭气体中,采用SBR法对活性污泥进行驯化,考查生物滴滤塔处理制革恶臭气体中微生物的特性。研究了微生物对氨氮和硫化物的去除效率以及驯化过程中污泥容积指数(SVI)的变化,并对挂膜后填料表面的微生物相进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明:经过19 d的驯化,微生物对氨氮和硫化物的去除率分别可以达到98.29%和94.16%,驯化期间污泥容积指数均保持在正常的范围之中。挂膜14 d的扫描电镜显示,填料表面有均匀的生物膜分布,说明微生物在填料上已经挂膜成功,驯化的微生物可以达到去除制革恶臭气体的要求。     

道南膜技术测定Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中汞的化学形态

虽然道南膜技术(DMT)已经成功用于土壤/溶液中多种重金属自由态离子浓度的测定,但DMT技术测定Hg的形态尚未解决.采用DMT测定Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中Hg化学形态.实验结果表明,Hg在阳离子交换膜内的吸附除静电吸附外还存在结合力更强的化学吸附,Hg在阳离子交换膜内扩散成为Hg跨膜传输受阻的主要因素,限制道南膜技术用于Hg形态测定.Hg2+和Hg(OH)2都表现出在阳离子交换膜上的强烈吸附,供端(Donor)Hg损失达50%以上.缩短试验时间至8h以内,可在一定程度上降低Hg吸附.计算结果表明,由于大量的Hg滞留在阳离子交换膜内,在计算受端(Acceptor)Hg浓度时引入滞留系数补偿供端Hg的损失,较好地预测了Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中Hg的化学形态.     

板式生物滴滤塔高效净化硫化氢废气的研究

采用营养液分层喷淋、pH分别在线控制(pH 2.5、 4.5、 6.5)的板式生物滴滤塔(plate type-biotrickling filter, PTBTF)净化H₂S废气,考察PTBTF于挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段对H₂S的降解性能.结果表明,PTBTF系统在14 d内即完成挂膜,对浓度为188.6mg·m^-3的H₂S去除率达到100%;在进口浓度100～1000mg·m^-3、空床停留时间(EBRT)28～4 s的条件下,H₂S的去除率可达到99%以上;当H₂S去除率≥90%时, PTBTF系统的最大去除负荷随EBRT(3.3～6 s)的增加而增大,EBRT 6 s的最大去除负荷达到1019.0g·(m³·h)^-1;上、中、下3层填料对H₂S的去除负荷随进口H₂S负荷的波动呈显著变化;通过荧光染色观察填料上的细胞数,发现在挂膜阶段微生物数量增长明显,第125 d上层、中层和下层填料上的菌落数(以干填料计)分别达到了1.29×10⁷、 5.47×10⁸和1.07×10⁹个·g^-1;采用扫描电镜观察填料表面的生物膜,可见上填料层和下填料层的优势菌分别为杆菌和丝状菌;利用变性梯度凝胶电泳初步揭示了系统运行过程中生物群落的演替规律;通过对产物的分析,确定该PTBTF系统降解H₂S后主要产生SO^2-₄和单质硫.